Eunomia's Labors DOIs and reference lists for Rhet/Comp journals

Help me build the citational metadata infrastructure for Rhet/Comp

A growing number of open-access journals in rhetoric and composition now mint DOIs for the work they publish, though plenty still don't, and among the ones that do, far fewer have deposited the reference lists that belong to those DOIs. Because Crossref accepts those two deposits separately, a journal can complete the registration half and still deposit nothing whatever about what any of its articles cite. Such a journal remains perfectly citable by anyone who wants to cite it. In the other direction, though, its own citations remain invisible to every service that reads Crossref, and the scholarship it publishes enters the citation record as a destination and never once as a source.

What stands in the way is the labor involved, since hand-keying twenty or thirty or forty-some references for every article in a back catalog is not work that a volunteer editorial staff can absorb alongside everything else it already carries. Over the past several months I have built the tooling that performs that work instead.

A second-century papyrus of the Iliad, unrolled: columns of Greek
                capitals with a reader's own marks in the margins.
The Bankes Homer, Iliad XXIV, second century. The marks in its margins are the ancestors of the citation apparatus this site exists to repair. British Library, public domain.

A word about the name

Eunomia is one of the Horae in Hesiod's Theogony, a daughter of Zeus and Themis and a sister to Dike (justice) and Eirene (peace). Her name gets rendered as good order, though the root in ancient Greek is more specific than that: nomos carries a sense of apportionment, of things distributed to their proper holders, and Solon set her against Dysnomia as the force that straightens crooked judgment.

Pinakes borrows its name from Callimachus's catalogue of the library at Alexandria, and this project — Eunomia's Labors — is named for the work that has to happen before a catalogue is any use. DOIs and deposited reference lists apportion credit to the scholarship an article actually drew on and provide an ordering identifier to scholarly work. The labor in the title is meant literally, since somebody has to key the citations or write the tooling . . . and that someone is me!

The gap runs along publisher lines

College English has 10,688 records registered with Crossref. Two hundred eighteen of them carry a reference list. For College Composition and Communication the figures are 6,945 and 231. If you restrict either journal to the volumes published before 2000, the count goes to zero: 9,510 articles in College English, 5,544 in CCC, and not one deposited citation between them. College English's Crossref records start in 1939 and CCC's in 1950, so six decades of the field's central conversation are, to anything that reads Crossref, effectively invisible.

Set those numbers beside Written Communication at 87.5 percent reference coverage, Technical Communication Quarterly at 78.9, the Journal of Technical Writing and Communication at 78.8. What predicts the difference is the publisher's infrastructure, since SAGE deposits as a matter of routine, Taylor and Francis does the same, and Elsevier mostly does, with Assessing Writing at 78 percent and Computers and Composition at 64.7. A volunteer-run open-access journal of the kind that characterizes so much of this field deposits when somebody on its volunteer staff has hours to spare for the work . . . which isn't often.

What share of each journal's published record carries a DOI, and what share of those DOI records carries a deposited reference list. Pulled live from api.crossref.org, last updated 2026-09-01.
Journal DOI records Reference lists
Technical Communication , published by Society for Technical Communication 57 — no article count available, so no percentage 56 98.2%
Across the Disciplines , published by WAC Clearinghouse 371 100% 340 reference lists deposited by Eunomia's Labors 91.6%
Double Helix , published by WAC Clearinghouse 113 100% 101 reference lists deposited by Eunomia's Labors 89.4%
The Journal of Writing Analytics , published by WAC Clearinghouse 96 100% 85 reference lists deposited by Eunomia's Labors 88.5%
Written Communication , published by SAGE 919 100% 804 87.5%
Open Words , published by WAC Clearinghouse 145 100% 126 reference lists deposited by Eunomia's Labors 86.9%
Communication Design Quarterly , published by ACM 414 100% 350 84.5%
Pedagogy , published by Duke University Press 1,151 100% 968 84.1%
Technical Communication Quarterly , published by Taylor & Francis 1,154 100% 911 78.9%
Journal of Technical Writing and Communication , published by SAGE 1,545 100% 1,218 78.8%
Philosophy and Rhetoric , published by Penn State University Press 710 100% 558 78.6%
Assessing Writing , published by Elsevier 1,066 100% 832 78.0%
Advances in the History of Rhetoric , published by Penn State University Press 312 100% 238 76.3%
Literacy in Composition Studies , published by LiCS 191 100% 138 reference lists deposited by Eunomia's Labors 72.3%
Journal of Business and Technical Communication , published by SAGE 1,057 100% 760 71.9%
Journal of Second Language Writing , published by Elsevier 1,430 — no article count available, so no percentage 985 68.9%
Rhetoric Society Quarterly , published by Taylor & Francis 1,794 100% 1,174 65.4%
Computers and Composition , published by Elsevier 1,678 100% 1,086 64.7%
Reflections , published by Penn State University Libraries 655 100% 395 reference lists deposited by Eunomia's Labors 60.3%
Rhetoric Review , published by Taylor & Francis 1,403 100% 812 57.9%
Quarterly Journal of Speech , published by Taylor & Francis 6,572 — no article count available, so no percentage 2,448 37.2%
IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication , published by IEEE 3,264 100% 1,074 32.9%
Rhetorica , published by University of California Press 1,243 60% 364 29.3%
Rhetoric and Public Affairs , published by Michigan State University Press 759 100% 149 19.6%
Teaching English in the Two-Year College , published by NCTE 1,523 100% 199 13.1%
Research in the Teaching of English , published by NCTE 1,693 100% 184 10.9%
College Composition and Communication , published by NCTE 6,945 100% 231 3.3%
College English , published by NCTE 10,688 100% 218 2.0%
Community Literacy Journal , published by Project MUSE 465 100% 0 0.0%
Journal of Basic Writing , published by WAC Clearinghouse 610 — no article count available, so no percentage 0 0.0%
Journal of Writing Assessment , published by eScholarship 51 — no article count available, so no percentage 0 0.0%
Language and Learning Across the Disciplines , published by WAC Clearinghouse 132 — no article count available, so no percentage 0 0.0%
Peitho , published by Coalition of Feminist Scholars 142 33% 0 0.0%
Prompt 134 100% 0 0.0%
Rhetoric of Health & Medicine , published by University Press of Florida 203 100% 0 0.0%
The WAC Journal , published by WAC Clearinghouse 346 100% 0 0.0%
Writing Center Journal , published by Purdue University 1,029 100% 0 0.0%
Composition Forum 0 0% 0 none to carry
Composition Studies 0 0% 0 none to carry
Constellations 0 — no article count available, so no percentage 0 none to carry
Enculturation 0 0% 0 none to carry
Journal of Multimodal Rhetorics , published by JOMR 0 0% 0 none to carry
Kairos 0 0% 0 none to carry
Praxis: A Writing Center Journal , published by Praxis 0 0% 0 none to carry
Present Tense 0 0% 0 none to carry
Programmatic Perspectives , published by CPTSC 0 — no article count available, so no percentage 0 none to carry
The Peer Review , published by WAC Clearinghouse 0 0% 0 none to carry
WPA: Writing Program Administration , published by CWPA 0 0% 0 none to carry
Xchanges 0 — no article count available, so no percentage 0 none to carry

Marked rows, highlighted on screen, are journals whose reference lists I deposited this year. The DOI percentage measures Crossref registrations against the article count Pinakes has indexed for that journal, which is the closest available stand-in for what a journal has actually published; where Pinakes draws its own records from Crossref the two agree by construction, so read 100% there as “nothing missing that Crossref knows about” rather than as an independent check. An em dash means no article count is available.

Four journals in Rhet/Comp defined broadly now sit at the top of that table

Across the Disciplines deposits reference lists for 91.6 percent of its Crossref records. Double Helix is at 89.4, The Journal of Writing Analytics at 88.5, Open Words at 86.9. All four are small, volunteer-supported, and hosted by the WAC Clearinghouse, and three of the four now deposit at higher rates than any commercial publisher represented in the same table, with the fourth half a point behind Written Communication and well clear of the rest. Before this spring, not one of them had deposited a single reference list.

Neither had Reflections, which holds 655 records in Crossref reaching back to 2000 and now carries reference lists on 395 of them, 7,464 references in all. Neither had Literacy in Composition Studies, where I serve as a design & layout editor and where I completed this work on my own before offering to do it for anyone else.

Two metadata options

Getting your journal minting DOIs

If your journal has never registered a DOI, this is the foundational half, and it's mostly a matter of paperwork and decisions that I can help you make. I can walk your editorial team through Crossref membership and registration, work out with you what the deposit fees will actually come to before you commit to anything, help you settle on a DOI suffix pattern, and mint DOIs retroactively across your back catalog. The prefix and the credentials stay with your journal throughout, nothing is registered under my name or anybody else's, and your journal keeps full control of the DOIs once they are minted.

Backfilling your reference lists

If your journal already mints DOIs but has never deposited the works cited that go with them, this is the second half. I would argue it is the half with the larger payoff. Crossref accepts reference deposits separately from the original metadata deposit, which means the citations can be added to DOIs that already exist without re-registering anything. I build a scraper tuned to your particular archive, pull the reference list out of every article, match what can be matched against existing DOIs, audit the result by hand, and hand you a validated deposit file that you or I can deposit in a single batch to backfill your journal articles' citational record. Minting comes first and backfilling second. Both halves run through the same pipeline, so the schedule is much the same whether your journal starts from DOIs or from nothing.

What does this cost my journal?

Nothing, from me. You'll pay Crossref for membership and for the DOIs you register, and I'm glad to help you work out what that comes to before your editorial team or board votes on anything. There's no institutional partnership to negotiate, I'm not affiliated with Crossref in any way, and I'm not selling you software. I undertake this as a service to the discipline and in the interest of a more complete citational record.

I do have a stake in this: Here's what it is.

What I'd need from you to start

You send me a URL, and that is genuinely the whole intake. I examine your archive, determine which publishing platform you are on, and tell you what the undertaking involves and approximately how long it will take. If your journal turns out to be in good shape already, I will tell you that as well, and we can discuss whatever other metadata work would serve it.

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